Sejarah Islam
Dari Hijrah hingga jatuhnya Bagdad: era, tokoh, dan peta.
Eras
622–632The settlement in MedinaFrom the Hijra (622) to the death of the Prophet: the community organizes in Medina.632–661The Rightly-Guided CaliphsFour caliphs and the great conquests (Levant, Egypt, Persia).661–750The Umayyad caliphateFrom Damascus, Islam spreads from Iberia to Central Asia.750–1258Baghdad and the golden ageFrom Baghdad, a scientific and cultural peak until the Mongols.
tokoh
Muḥammad ﷺFounder of Islam (c. 570–632); he received the Qur’anic revelation and united Arabia.Abū BakrFirst caliph (632–634); he consolidated the state during the Ridda wars.ʿUmar ibn al-KhaṭṭābSecond caliph (634–644); he led the great conquests and organized the administration.ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffānThird caliph (644–656); he had the standardized Qur’an established.ʿAlī ibn Abī ṬālibCousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, fourth caliph (656–661).MuʿāwiyaFounder of the Umayyad caliphate (661); capital at Damascus.ʿAbd al-MalikUmayyad caliph (685–705); Arabized the administration, built the Dome of the Rock.Ṭāriq ibn ZiyādLed the 711 conquest of Iberia; Gibraltar is named after him.al-ManṣūrAbbasid caliph; founded Baghdad in 762.Hārūn al-RashīdAbbasid caliph (786–809); cultural peak of Baghdad.al-MaʾmūnAbbasid caliph (813–833); patron of the House of Wisdom.al-KhwārizmīScholar (c. 780–850), father of algebra; “algorithm” comes from his name.